Sunday, August 8, 2010
What would Jesus do about illegal immigration?
MCCLATCHY NEWSPAPERS Via Miami Herald: Politics AP
WASHINGTON — Religious leaders and lawmakers traded Scripture passages Wednesday at a congressional hearing on whether there's an ethical imperative to overhaul the nation's immigration laws.
Arguing for a comprehensive immigration package with a guest-worker program, Richard Land, the president of the Southern Baptist Convention's Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, quoted from Matthew, Leviticus and Micah in pressing for action on the estimated 11 million illegal immigrants currently living in the U.S.
Southern Baptists respect and strongly support upholding America's laws, he said, but they "also recognize a biblical mandate to care for 'the least of these among us' (Matthew 25:34-40), to care for the 'strangers' who reside in our land (Leviticus 19:34; Hebrews 13:2) and to act justly and mercifully (Micah 6:8)," Land told the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security and International Law.
Opponents of a comprehensive immigration overhaul came to the hearing with biblical passages of their own.
Rep. Lamar Smith, R-Texas, read a quote from Romans 13:1-7 that crystallized the argument for enhanced border security and strict enforcement of existing federal immigration laws: "Let every person be subject to governing authorities."
Read more: [Illegal Immigration]
Posted By; Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Rick Scott and Bill McCollum want to turn Miami into an immigration prison
Thursday, Aug 5 2010
The Democratic Party is out of sight and out of mind in the race for Florida's next governor. And that is messed up because the two Republicans running for the state's top political post look and act like grand wizards in the Ku Klux Klan.
Multimillionaire Rick Scott, who owned a company involved in the largest Medicare fraud case in our nation's history, promises to pass an immigration law similar to Arizona's controversial legislation. His opponent Bill McCollum, lagging behind in the polls and campaign cash, hints he would do the same, even writing a legal brief in support of the Arizona law. Neither one of them is good for Florida. But Democratic candidate and state CFO Alex Sink hasn't done much to raise her profile. No one outside Tallahassee knows who the hell she is.
See More @: [Miami becoming into a Jail]
Posted By: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Miami ICE office gets new deportations chief: A new deportations chief has taken over at the Miami office of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
It was an ad in a Texas newspaper that set Marc Moore on the path to a long career in immigration enforcement that started out in El Paso and has now brought him to South Florida.
Moore, who joined the Border Patrol in 1991 to monitor the Mexican border, is now the new field office director for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Miami field office for enforcement and removal operations. As such, Moore, 49, will oversee local enforcement of perhaps one of the most controversial aspects of immigration work: detention and deportation of foreign nationals.
Moore has taken charge at a particularly tense time, as immigrant rights and immigration control activists step up the fierce debate over whether undocumented immigrants should be legalized or forced to leave.
Moore, for his part, takes the view that immigration has been perennially controversial and that he intends to enforce laws the way the Obama administration wants them enforced.
See More @: [ICE in Miami Area]
Posted by: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Deportation of 'criminal aliens' on the rise A record number of immigrants, most with records, are removed in the Houston Area
Nearly eight in 10 illegal immigrants removed from southeast Texas since the start of the fiscal year had criminal records, authorities said, underscoring the Obama administration's commitment to focus its immigration enforcement strategy on so-called "criminal aliens."
Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents from the Houston field office, which covers the southeastern portion of the state, have removed a record-setting 13,790 illegal immigrants with criminal records since the start of the fiscal year Oct. 1.
That number is slightly higher than the 13,662 removed in all of last year, the previous record.
Ken Landgrebe, head of ICE's Detention and Removal Operations in Houston, said the increase was due in part to ICE's partnerships with state and local law enforcement agencies, which have signed on to help the overburdened agency identify illegal immigrants in prisons and jails.
See More @ [Houston Area]
Posted by: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Illegal immigration grenade: 60K Texas anchor babies get U.S. citizenship every year
DALLAS __"They're pulling the pin on the immigration grenade,"says Rep. Rafael AnchÃa, D-Dallas, speaking of Republicans who are pushing for changes to the 14th Amendment that provides automatic citizenship to any baby born in America.
Shocking Texas statistics:
A population of an estimated 1.5 million illegal immigrants
60 - 65,000 babies born each year in Texas are given automatic birthright citizenship
Based on those statistics, the explosion that rocks the American immigration debate may originate from Dallas, Texas, home to Parkland Memorial Hospital.
Anchor babies overwhelming Dallas:
"Last year at Parkland, 11,071 babies were born to women who were noncitizens - about 74 percent of total deliveries. Most of these women are believed to be in the country illegally." The Dallas Morning News
"In 2004, according to the article, the cost was $70.7 million. Also needless to say, the impact of the birth by illegal alien mothers at such high levels year after year is having a dramatic impact on the demography of Dallas. It is radically increasing income disparity, representing a rising danger to social order, as well as contributing to rapidly rising welfare costs." (Source: Center for Immigration Studies)
See More @: [Texas View On Immigration]
Posted by: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Ron Paul: Arrest and Deport Illegal Immigrants
by: Jake Morphonios
Congressman Ron Paul of Texas doesn't mince words. On the subject of illegal immigration he said emphatically, "One important solution is better enforcement of the laws we've got - which plainly call for illegal immigrants to be arrested and deported."
He makes clear his position that the responsibility of immigration enforcement is the job of the President, not the Congress. In 2005, Paul wrote:
"The ultimate responsibility for our immigration mess, therefore, lies squarely with successive presidents, not Congress. For decades our chief executives simply have lacked the political will, the manpower, or the desire to police our borders and deport lawbreakers. It's been nearly impossible politically for presidents or candidates to suggest the obvious, namely that illegal immigration mocks the rule of law and creates huge social and economic problems. But the tide is turning, and a majority of Americans will demand real action on immigration by the next administration."
See More @ [Texas on Immigration]
Posted by: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
At least 60,000 babies born each year to illegal immigrants in Texas gain ‘birthright citizenship’
As the debate over birthright citizenship rages across the United States, a statistic has surfaced that is sure to add fuel to the birthright fire in Texas: 60,000 to 65,000 babies automatically gain U.S. citizenship each year when they're born to the estimated 1.5 million illegal immigrants who live in the Lone Star State.
That figure, reported by the Dallas Morning News, comes from the Texas Health and Human Services Commission. The yearly birth number is equivalent to the population of Austin suburb Cedar Park—about 62,000, according to a 2009 estimate.
Last year, births to illegal immigrants represented nearly 16 percent of the total births statewide, according to the newspaper.
Between 2001 and 2009, births to illegal immigrant women totaled 542,152 in Texas, the Dallas Morning News reported. That’s about the same number of people who live in the city of Atlanta.
See More @ [Birth Right Citizenship]
Posted By: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Tennessee businesses lobby for amnesty for illegal immigrants
by. CHRIS ECHEGARAY • THE TENNESSEAN • JULY 30, 2010
While Tennessee's lawmakers work to make state immigration policy as tough as Arizona's, Tennessee businesses and professional groups are lobbying to make life easier for immigrants.
The Nashville Music Association union, Tyson Foods and the National Pork Producers Council, with a local office in Rutherford County, all lobby for immigration reform that would raise the cap on worker visas. They also want to create a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants.
See More @ [ Tennessean ]
Posted By: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Friday, August 6, 2010
Nearly 200 illegal immigrant inmates transferred from Oklahoma custody
A year-old state law is saving Oklahomans millions of dollars by deporting illegal immigrant criminals back to their home countries.
Oklahoma is one of about five states using similar methods to ease inmate overcrowding in prison systems, federal immigration officials say.
Read More:
Posted By: ISmael Armendariz, ES 135Ac, Summer 2010
Hispanics see a baby boom In Tulsa, one in five prekindergarten children is Hispanic
The number of Tulsa County Hispanics under the age of 5 increased to 9,797 from 4,323 — a 127 percent jump — between 2000 and July 2009, according to Census Bureau figures.
The under-5-year-old population group — numbering at 42,552 statewide — is the largest and one of the fastest-growing segments of Hispanic population both in Tulsa County and across the state.
Read more:
Posted By; ISmael Armendariz, ES 135ac; Summer 2010
Fear drives many illegal immigrants from Mexico to Oklahoma
Jessica, 18, is a newly arrived illegal immigrant from Monterrey, Mexico. And based on anecdotal evidence and statewide statistics, she is far from alone.
Mexican nationals appear to be entering Oklahoma illegally as steadily as ever for work, family and sanctuary from a violent homeland.
Read more:
Posted By;Ismael Armendariz; ES 135ac, Summer 2010
Oklahoma Immigration Home Page
Here is the Wesite: Click Here
Posted By : Ismael Armendariz; ES 135AC, summer 2010
Pulling: Lettuce, drugs and terrorists
Several factors have come together to radically change our perception.
The first was the scourge of illegal drugs and the sustained demand for them by U.S. users. We have been spending a huge amount of money fighting a war on drugs for a long time with little, if any, effect. Mexico has evolved into a major source of drug traffic, and with it all the negative consequences. The problem is not simply immigration; it’s also a porous border.
Read More
Posted By: Ismael Armendariz; ES 135AC, summer 2010
Immigration skirmish brews in quiet SC town
Summerville Councilman Walter Bailey, worried there is a void in immigration laws, has proposed an ordinance that goes farther than state law, which was sharpened two years ago to allow police to identify illegal immigrants for deportation.
The proposal would prevent illegal immigrants from living in the town of 45,000, which calls itself "Flower Town in the Pines," and in most cases prevent them from working here.
See More
Posted B: Ismael Armendariz; ES 135AC, Summer 2010
Graham: Deny their children citizenship
Sen. Lindsey Graham said Thursday that he’s talked with other senators about crafting a constitutional amendment that would deny American citizenship to illegal immigrants’ children born in the United States.
Graham’s idea is a stunning reversal for a senator whose advocacy of giving legal status to the country’s 12 million undocumented workers is so well known that conservative radio commentator Rush Limbaugh and many of his listeners call the Seneca, S.C., Republican “Senator Grahamnesty.”
See More
Posted By Ismael Armendariz; ES 135AC, Summer 2010
Thursday, August 5, 2010
Hundreds attend immigration law meeting
LWEBER@MCHERALD.COM • AUGUST 5, 2010
A parking lot on Madison's Main Street filled quickly with cars decked out with bumper stickers and tags boasting patriotism and politics.
The crowd of about 200 inside the Madison Square Center for the Arts rallied on Monday in support of conservative speakers urging a crackdown on illegal immigration. Sponsored by the Mississippi Federation for Immigration Reform and Enforcement and the Mississippi Tea Party, the gathering drew supporters from Madison, Hinds, Rankin, Copiah counties and more to hear Lt. Gov. Phil Bryant and others push the case for a Mississippi law based on the current Arizona immigration law gathering national attention.
Bryant said those who cross the borders illegally come in violation of federal laws and costing Mississippi taxpayers. The illegal immigrants are taking jobs away from Americans, he said.
"Twenty-five million dollars of your tax are going to support illegal immigration," said Bryant, citing a report done in 2006 when he was state auditor.
That amounts to an average cost of $1,117 for each tax-paying household, said attorney Russ Latino of Madison, another of the keynote speakers. That cost could rise if the federal government grants amnesty to those in the country illegally because those millions more could receive federal entitlements like Medicaid, housing and food stamps, he said.
See More @: [Immigration in Mississippi]
Posted By: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Immigration's impact on America's population and Texas' suburbs
There are two points in Kotkin's immigration reporting that jumped out at me:
First, the influx of immigrants into America will allow our population to grow in a way that populations in Europe and Japan won't. I know many find that thought abhorrent, but think of the alternative. Do we want to go on the kind of downward slide that a stagnant population creates? I don't see any value in either a downward slide or a stagnant population, so growth fueled in part by immigration can be a blessing.
He's also right that our post-ethnic society will help us relate better to developing nations, who supply immigrants to us. I'd add another aspect to that. Philip Jenkins wrote in the Christian Century recently that most of the fastest-growing nations are in Africa. If the economies of those nations ever take off, our ability to understand and do business with them could depend upon our own African population, which is not inconsequential.
Of course, as Tod points out, there's a danger in immigration without assimilation.
See More @: [Texas on Immigration]
Posted by: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Pro & Con: Should Georgia adopt an Arizona-style immigration law?
YES: Enforcement works, will save state money, badly needed jobs.
The basis of the Arizona immigration law is the principle of attrition through enforcement. The intent section of the law says that “this act is to make attrition through enforcement the public policy of all state and local government agencies in Arizona.”
Attrition through enforcement means that when the immigration laws are enforced illegal aliens self-deport.
The passage of Arizona’s law and the threat of subsequent enforcement led to numerous stories of illegal aliens leaving Arizona. Enforcement works; legalization is a losing proposition.
Comprehensive immigration reform is 21st-century speak for legalization and amnesty. When the 1986 amnesty was proposed, about 1.5 million illegal agricultural workers were said to be eligible.
Over 3 million illegal aliens were eventually granted amnesty as a result of fraud and misrepresentations. By 1997, there were 5 million illegal aliens.
Today, we have 12 million to 20 million in the United States. Amnesty merely encourages more illegal immigration and does not solve the problem.
See More Here: [Pro & Con]
Posted By: Carlos T. Alfaro
Summer 2010
Tuesday, August 3, 2010
Don Spurlin receives endorsement from co-author of Arizona immigration law
Kobach is a Kansas City lawyer and a nationally-renowned immigration expert. He co-authored the controversial Arizona immigration law that has brought the immigration issue to the national forefront.
See More
Posted By Ismael Armendariz; ES 135ac, Summer 2010
Opponents of Irondale's immigration resolution express concerns
Irondale passed its resolution Tuesday, the same day the U.S. Justice Department sued Arizona over a law that requires police, while enforcing other laws, to question a person's immigration status if there is a reasonable suspicion that the person is in the country illegally.
Councilman James D. Stewart Jr., who is black, said today he understands concerns that some people may have.
"If we were to allow for laws to be written to discriminate against minority groups, then how many rights would we as African-Americans be denied?"
See more
Posted By: Ismael Armendariz ES 135AC, Summer 2010
Immigration skirmish brews in quiet SC town
Summerville Councilman Walter Bailey, worried there is a void in immigration laws, has proposed an ordinance that goes farther than state law, which was sharpened two years ago to allow police to identify illegal immigrants for deportation.
The proposal would prevent illegal immigrants from living in the town of 45,000, which calls itself "Flower Town in the Pines," and in most cases prevent them from working here
See More
Posted By Ismael Armendariz; ES 135AC Summer 2010
High cost of interpreters hits local courts
The issue arose most recently in Alpharetta, whose City Council was presented last week with a contract for up to $40,000 for interpreter services in municipal court for fiscal 2011, up from about $27,500 in the previous year.
See More
Posted By Ismael Armendariz; ES 135AC; Summer 2010
Georgia's immigration controversy reaches attorney general
The request originated with Cobb County immigration activist D.A. King. He asked the Georgia Bureau of Investigation to look into the matter, but was told that the GBI could initiate an inquiry only if a public official or law enforcement agency asked for one.
See More
Posted By: Ismael Armendariz; ES 135AC Summer 2010
Tuesday, July 20, 2010
Nearly 600 detained in Mississippi immigration raid
One worker caught in Monday's sweep at the Howard Industries transformer plant said fellow workers applauded as immigrants were taken into custody. Federal officials said a tip from a union member prompted them to start investigating several years ago.
Fabiola Pena, 21, cradled her 2-year-old daughter as she described a chaotic scene at the plant as the raid began, followed by clapping.
"I was crying the whole time. I didn't know what to do," Pena said. "We didn't know what was happening because everyone started running. Some people thought it was a bomb but then we figured out it was immigration."
About 100 of the 595 detained workers were released for humanitarian reasons, many of them mothers who were fitted with electronic monitoring bracelets and allowed to go home to their children, officials said.
About 475 other workers were transferred to a U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement facility in Jena, La. Nine who were under 18 were transferred to the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement.
John Foxworth, an attorney representing some of the immigrants, said eight appeared in federal court in Hattiesburg on Tuesday because they face criminal charges for allegedly using false Social Security and residency identification.
He said the raid was traumatic for families.
See in Detail: [USA TODAY]
[Posted by: Carlos T. Alfaro]
Summer 2010
Thursday, July 15, 2010
Florida joins states supporting Arizona immigration law with court brief: Some lawmakers want Florida to pass its own legislation
Florida is backing Arizona in its fight with the federal government over who can enforce U.S. immigration laws, Attorney General Bill McCollum said Wednesday.
The move comes as several lawmakers are calling on Gov. Charlie Crist and legislative leaders to allow discussion of immigration in the special session on oil drilling that starts Tuesday.
McCollum announced in Orlando that the state has joined a legal brief in federal court stating its support of Arizona's right to "concurrent enforcement" of immigration law, saying that states have the power to intervene on immigration matters.
Michigan, Alabama, Nebraska, the Northern Mariana Islands, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas and Virginia also have joined the brief.
"The federal government has not been doing what it should be doing to enforce immigration laws," McCollum said. "The real issue here is that the states have the right to enforce the laws, federal or state, and there is no right for the federal government to come in and try to pre-empt that."
-----
Arizona is locked in a legal fight with the Obama administration and civil-rights groups over its law, which turns illegal immigration into a criminal-trespassing offense and requires local enforcement agencies to verify the status of people they suspect are in the country illegally.
The U.S. Department of Justice sued Arizona last week, asking the court to bar the state from enforcing immigration law. Civil-rights group have expressed concerns that Arizona's push could lead to harassment and ethnic profiling of people who look like illegal immigrants.
Debate over Arizona-style immigration reform has spilled over into Florida's Republican primary for governor, where McCollum is running against Rick Scott, a former health-care executive who accuses McCollum of waffling on the issue.
Echoing Scott, Sen. Paula Dockery, R-Lakeland, and Rep. Kevin Ambler, R-Tampa, unveiled legislation this week that would make it a crime in Florida for immigrants not to carry registration documents required by federal law. They also would authorize state and local law-enforcement officials to question the immigration status of residents.
see more at: [Orlando Sentinel]
-----
[Posted by Carlos T. Alfaro]
Summer 2010
Wednesday, April 28, 2010
IMMIGRATION:

South Florida immigrant rights advocates to stage Miami rally - South Florida advocates have joined the reignited immigration debate, demanding a stop to county collaboration with federal authorities and denouncing the new Arizona law.
South Florida immigrant rights advocates on Tuesday denounced a new Arizona law that requires police officers to detain suspected undocumented immigrants and announced plans for a rally Saturday in Miami to support legalizing those who live and work illegally in the United States.
Fearful Miami may go the way of Arizona, they also demanded that South Florida authorities end their participation in a federal program that encourages local law enforcement to share fingerprint records of foreign nationals who are arrested and jailed. The program, say federal officials, seeks to identify and deport illegal immigrants who commit major crimes.
Advocates, in two separate news conferences in Miami-Dade, said they plan to hold a rally in downtown Miami Saturday to demand legalization for the nation's estimated 10.8 million undocumented immigrants , including 720,000 in Florida.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Page: B1
Provided By: The McClatchy Company
Index Terms: Miami-Dade Corrections Department; Florida Immigrant Coalition
Location(s): South Florida; Arizona; Miami; United States; Florida; Washington, D.C; South Carolina
Personal Name(s): Lindsey Graham; Nicole Navas; Jonathan Fried
Record Number: 201004280100KNRIDDERFLMIAMIH_3157
Copyright (c) 2010 The Miami Herald
IMMIGRATION: South Florida immigrant rights advocates to stage Miami rally - South Florida advocates have joined the reignited immigration debate, demanding a stop to county collaboration with federal authorities and denouncing the new Arizona law.
AND JUAN CARLOS CHAVEZ, ALFONSO CHARDY. "IMMIGRATION: South Florida immigrant rights advocates to stage Miami rally - South Florida advocates have joined the reignited immigration debate, demanding a stop to county collaboration with federal authorities and denouncing the new Arizona law.." Miami Herald, The (FL) 28 Apr. 2010,: B1. NewsBank. Web. 28 Apr. 2010.
Letters to the Editor
Naples Daily News (FL) - Monday, April 26, 2010{". Briefs Head/Story Label"/}'What I observed'
Editor, Daily News:
Like many others who get the Daily News, I have read many negative comments about those who attend tea party rallies.
Having never attended one, I refrained from making comments but decided to attend this recent rally to find out for myself. What I observed was a peaceful rally by thousands of people concerned only with the excessive spending by the federal government and a Congress that is out of control.
These were regular folks from all walks of life. I heard no vicious or hateful remarks and certainly nothing racist. (Some forget that disagreeing with the president on issues is not hate speech). None gave a tinker's darn what color our president is, have no quarrel with legal immigrants and most don't care which political party their representatives belong to as long as those representatives go about the country's business in an honest and open manner – that means adhering to constitutional principles, not inventing rights, and preventing government's intrusion into private businesses.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Edition: Naples Daily News
Section: B
Page: 5
Record Number: 12F5590107C8D410
Copyright (c) 2010 Naples Daily News
Letters to the Editor
[Last Name], [First Name]. "Letters to the Editor." Naples Daily News (FL) 26 Apr. 2010, Naples Daily News, B: 5. NewsBank. Web. 28 Apr. 2010.
Tuesday, April 27, 2010
Arizona's wrongheaded law - OUR OPINION: Now Congress must fix it
Miami Herald, The (FL) - Tuesday, April 27, 2010 Author: Miami HeraldSuddenly, immigration is back on the front burner thanks to a controversial new law that Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer signed last week. It fundamentally changes the law by making illegal immigration a state crime requiring police to make arrests and check the status of anyone who looks suspicious.
The problems are glaringly apparent. In Arizona, 30 percent of the population of 6.6 million is Hispanic or of Hispanic origin. That's a huge target group. The criteria for determining what constitutes ''reasonable suspicion'' is so vague that critics fear anyone with the ''wrong'' color of skin or the ''wrong'' accent -- including legal immigrants , citizens and tourists -- will be fair game for over-eager law enforcement. Cardinal Roger Mahony of Los Angeles calls the new law unworkable, mean-spirited and probably unconstitutional.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Page: A12
Provided By: The McClatchy Company
Index Terms: Justice Department
Location(s): Arizona; Los Angeles; Mexico
Personal Name(s): Jan Brewer; Roger Mahony
Record Number: 201004270100KNRIDDERFLMIAMIH_60817
Copyright (c) 2010 The Miami Herald
Arizona's wrongheaded law - OUR OPINION: Now Congress must fix it
Herald, Miami. "Arizona's wrongheaded law - OUR OPINION: Now Congress must fix it." Miami Herald, The (FL) 27 Apr. 2010,: A12. NewsBank. Web. 28 Apr. 2010.
Sunday, April 25, 2010
THE MARIEL BOATLIFT:
Miami Herald, The (FL) - Sunday, April 25, 2010
Author: ALFONSO CHARDY, achardy@ElNuevoHerald.com
This is part of an occasional series that will run through September to mark the 30th anniversary of the Mariel boatlift.
Cesar Odio was at his office at Miami City Hall one morning in late April 1980 when his desk phone rang.
A top federal immigration official was on the line asking Odio's help in locating a big enough place to hold dozens of Cuban refugees who had just arrived in Key West aboard a crowded boat.
It was one of the first boats laden with refugees boarding vessels in large numbers from the Cuban port of Mariel, 20 miles west of Havana.
It was also the beginning of the Mariel boatlift, which brought more than 125,000 Cuban refugees to U.S. shores between April and September 1980.
Thirty years after the biggest refugee exodus from Cuba, local officials who played key roles in the crisis recalled the historic events in interviews with El Nuevo Herald.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Page: B1
Provided By: The McClatchy Company
Index Terms: El Nuevo Herald; National Security Council; Carter Administration; University of Miami; State Department; Federal Emergency Management Agency
Location(s): Havana; Cuba; Miami; South Florida; United States; Florida; Opa-locka Airport
Personal Name(s): Maurice Ferre; Sergio Pereira; Fidel Castro; Jimmy Carter; Walter Mondale; Madeleine Albright; Del Castillo
Record Number: 201004250001KNRIDDERFLMIAMIH_44424
Copyright (c) 2010 The Miami Herald
THE MARIEL BOATLIFT: Mariel boatlift tested Miami's strength, then made it stronger - Thirty years later, South Florida government leaders and others recall the Mariel boatlift -- a life-changing experience.
CHARDY, ALFONSO. "THE MARIEL BOATLIFT: Mariel boatlift tested Miami's strength, then made it stronger - Thirty years later, South Florida government leaders and others recall the Mariel boatlift -- a life-changing experience.." Miami Herald, The (FL) 25 Apr. 2010,: B1. NewsBank. Web. 25 Apr. 2010.
Saturday, April 24, 2010
ARIZONA DRAWS HARD LINE - NEW IMMIGRATION LAW STOKES FEARS OF RACIAL PROFILING

Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer on Friday signed the toughest law against illegal immigration in the country, shrugging aside warnings from religious and civil rights leaders - and President Barack Obama - that it would lead to widespread racial profiling.
Hours after Obama denounced the measure as "misguided," Brewer signed the bill, which makes it a misdemeanor to not possess proper immigration paperwork and requires police to determine whether people are in the country illegally.
Obama signaled that a legal showdown might be possible, and Justice Department officials said they were reviewing the legislation. Immigrant rights groups have vowed a court fight, arguing that regulating immigration is a federal matter.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Edition: Broward Metro
Section: News
Page: 3A
Index Terms: ARIZONA LAW IMMIGRATION
Record Number: 1004230314
Copyright 2010, Sun Sentinel Company. All rights reserved.
ARIZONA DRAWS HARD LINE - NEW IMMIGRATION LAW STOKES FEARS OF RACIAL PROFILING
Tribune Newspapers, Nicholas Riccardi. "ARIZONA DRAWS HARD LINE - NEW IMMIGRATION LAW STOKES FEARS OF RACIAL PROFILING." Sun Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, FL) 24 Apr. 2010, Broward Metro, News: 3A. NewsBank. Web. 24 Apr. 2010.
CRITICS: OBAMA DEPORTING MANY NO-THREAT IMMIGRANTS

- When the Obama administration went before California's 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals last year seeking to deport a middle-class couple from Nevada, one judge criticized the government's case as "horrific." Another labeled it the "most senseless result possible." A third complained of "an extraordinarily bad use of government resources."
"These people have worked hard. They have paid their taxes," Judge William Fletcher said. "Why don't you go after the bad guys?"
The three-judge panel concluded it had to grant the government's request to expel the couple. Yet the panel's two Republicans and one Democrat each urged immigration authorities to drop the case against Ulises Martinez-Silver and Saturnina Martinez, a carpenter and a clerk.
It's one of many examples, immigrant rights advocates say, of how the Obama administration has continued a policy of tough enforcement against people who are no threat to the United States, even as the administration calls for a new immigration law designed to legalize many of them.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Edition: Broward Metro
Section: News
Page: 3A
Dateline: WASHINGTON
Record Number: 1004220365
Copyright 2010, Sun Sentinel Company. All rights reserved.
CRITICS: OBAMA DEPORTING MANY NO-THREAT IMMIGRANTS
Tribune Washington Bureau, Ken Dilanian. "CRITICS: OBAMA DEPORTING MANY NO-THREAT IMMIGRANTS." Sun Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, FL) 23 Apr. 2010, Broward Metro, News: 3A. NewsBank. Web. 24 Apr. 2010.
SC's Bauer: Lazy people cause illegal immigration
SC's Bauer: Lazy people cause illegal immigration
JIM DAVENPORT
The Associated Press
SPARTANBURG, S.C. - South Carolina's lieutenant governor said Friday that lazy residents who don't want to take jobs harvesting the state's crops are the root of its problems with illegal immigration.
Lt. Gov. Andre Bauer's remarks came at the opening of a debate of Republican gubernatorial hopefuls. The candidates were asked about Arizona's new tough illegal immigration law and whether South Carolina should do more to fight the problem.
"The real problem is the workforce," Bauer said. State relief programs leave people unwilling to work the jobs in fields and orchards now filled with migrant workers, he said.
"The problem is we have a give-away system in this country and in this state that is so strong that people would rather sit home and do nothing than do these jobs. Laziness is not a disability," Bauer said. "There are lot of people that are flat out lazy and they are using up the goods and services that we have in this state."
http://www.philly.com/philly/wires/ap/news/nation_world/91986464.html
[Posted by Ida Micaily]
Friday, April 23, 2010
New Miami Archbishop Thomas Wenski known as champion of immigrants

Miami Herald, The (FL) - Friday, April 23, 2010
Author: ANDRES VIGLUCCI, aviglucci@MiamiHerald.comThe tousled hair and scraggly mustache that once gave the Rev. Thomas Wenski a startling resemblance to one of his heroes, Polish anti-communist rebel Lech Walesa, are long gone, replaced by a severe clip, a smooth lip and bishop's vestments.
Come June, to that sober array will be added the pallium, a kind of scarf made by Trappist monks of white sheep's wool, bestowed by Roman popes upon holders of a high office in the Catholic Church, the metropolitan archbishop.
The earthy and personable Wenski, 59, a Florida native and champion of immigrants who can be perfectly blunt in any of three languages -- English, Spanish and Haitian Creole -- has made a fast ascendancy through the Catholic Church hierarchy, culminating Tuesday in his appointment by Pope Benedict XVI as Miami's new archbishop.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Page: A1
Provided By: The McClatchy Company
Index Terms: Catholic Church; Catholic Charities; University of Notre Dame
Location(s): Florida; Miami; Orlando; Haiti; China
Personal Name(s): Thomas Wenski; Pope John Paul II; John Paul; Jean-Bertrand Aristide; Bill Clinton; Daniel Kubala
Record Number: 201004210100KNRIDDERFLMIAMIH_12194
Copyright (c) 2010 The Miami Herald
New Miami Archbishop Thomas Wenski known as champion of immigrants
VIGLUCCI, ANDRES. "New Miami Archbishop Thomas Wenski known as champion of immigrants." Miami Herald, The (FL) 21 Apr. 2010,: A1. NewsBank. Web. 23 Apr. 2010.
Wednesday, April 21, 2010
ELIAN GONZALEZ: 10 YEARS LATER:
I tried to reassure scared boy, photographer says - The photographer who took the Pulitzer Prize-winning photo of Elián González said he's still haunted by the events ofApril 22, 2000.
Seconds before snapping the Pulitzer Prize winning photo of an armed federal agent confronting Elián González, Associated Press photographer Alan Diaz recalls trying to reassure the frightened boy that everything was going to be okay.
Diaz said the moment 10 years ago today ''forever'' haunts him.
'' Elián said to me, 'Qué está pasando, qué esté pasando?'' Diaz recalled in an interview this week with Miami Herald-WLRN News radio. ''I told the boy, in Spanish, that nothing's happening. It's going to be all right.''
Seconds later, the federal agent, wearing a helmet and riot gear, barged through the door and pointed a gun toward the boy, who was cowering with fear.
Diaz, who had spent months at the Miami home where Elián was being cared for by relatives, snapped nearly a dozen photos of the scene.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Page: B4
Provided By: The McClatchy Company
Index Terms: Associated Press
Location(s): Miami
Personal Name(s): Alan Diaz
Record Number: 201004220100KNRIDDERFLMIAMIH_54364
Copyright (c) 2010 The Miami Herald
ELIAN GONZALEZ: 10 YEARS LATER: I tried to reassure scared boy, photographer says - The photographer who took the Pulitzer Prize-winning photo of Elián González said he's still haunted by the events of April 22, 2000.
BUSTOS, SERGIO R.. "ELIAN GONZALEZ: 10 YEARS LATER: I tried to reassure scared boy, photographer says - The photographer who took the Pulitzer Prize-winning photo of Elián González said he's still haunted by the events of April 22, 2000.." Miami Herald, The (FL) 22 Apr. 2010,: B4. NewsBank. Web. 22 Apr. 2010.
Clinton ignored rule of law

As one of the attorneys representing the Miami family of Elián González, I write in response to President Clinton's recent statement that he would not change the decision to send the boy back to his father in Cuba.
Framing the issue as simply one involving whether to send the boy back conveniently but unfairly avoids the issue that we tried to raise during litigation. That was whether the boy's fate should be decided by the courts -- particularly family court, where the standard is the best interests of the child -- or whether the boy's fate should be decided by politicians and political appointees.
Admittedly we lost the public-relations battle with Attorney General Janet Reno, who repeatedly stated that she ''had to enforce the law.'' There is no such law, and there never has been. Rather, the jurisdictional question was whether the attorney general rather than the courts should decide the issue. She decided, after an astonishing and largely unpublicized (even now) change of mind, that the boy should go back to a totalitarian system whose record on human rights continues to draw worldwide condemnation.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Page: A14
Provided By: The McClatchy Company
Location(s): Miami; Cuba
Personal Name(s): President Clinton; Janet Reno; Greg Craig; JOSE GARCIA-PEDROSA
Record Number: 201004210100KNRIDDERFLMIAMIH_11096
Copyright (c) 2010 The Miami Herald
Clinton ignored rule of law
Herald, Miami. "Clinton ignored rule of law." Miami Herald, The (FL) 21 Apr. 2010,: A14. NewsBank. Web. 22 Apr. 2010.
Monday, April 19, 2010
PUERTO RICO - IDENTITY THEFT: Scams creating paper chase for S. Florida Puerto Ricans

April 20, 2010
Author: ALFONSO CHARDY, achardy@ElNuevoHerald.comPuerto Ricans in South Florida and across the United States are scrambling to understand a new island law that requires renewal of birth certificates.
Miami resident Elvin González, a retired assistant chef, knows firsthand why the Puerto Rican government is requiring him and other island-born Puerto Ricans to renew their birth certificates.A few years back, one of his relatives sold his birth certificate and Social Security number to a non-U.S. resident, who ran up $21,000 in debt. Creditors turned to the Gonzalez family to pay up.
''That created a lot of problems for us,'' said the 63-year-old González, who was born on the island but has lived much of his life in Miami.
Under a new law approved in December, González and all other island-born Puerto Ricans must replace their old birth certificates. Most old birth certificates become invalid on July 1.
Widespread fraud is to blame for the new requirement, say U.S. and Puerto Rican authorities, who said Puerto Rican birth certificates are being sold -- for up to $10,000 each -- to Spanish-speaking foreign nationals who then pose as Puerto Ricans to obtain a U.S. passport and illegally immigrate to the United States.
Page: B1
Provided By: The McClatchy Company
Index Terms: State Department; Puerto Rican Chamber of Commerce
Location(s): Miami; United States; Puerto Rico; Florida; Tampa; Orlando; South Florida; New York
Personal Name(s): Ryan Dooley; Adam Levin; Luis de Rosa; Rebeca Sosa; Sandra Rosa; Maritza Deliz
Record Number: 201004200100KNRIDDERFLMIAMIH_3839
Copyright (c) 2010 The Miami Herald
Read more: PUERTO RICO - IDENTITY THEFT: Scams creating paper chase for S. Florida Puerto Ricans - Puerto Ricans in South Florida and across the United States are scrambling to understand a new island law that requires renewal of birth certificates.
McCain, Kyl back bill, call for Guard on border

Erin Kelly - Apr. 19, 2010
WASHINGTON - Arizona Sens. John McCain
and Jon Kyl on Monday called for the
immediate deployment of 3,000 National
Guard troops to the Arizona-Mexico border.
The renewed call for Guard troops was part
of a 10-point border-security plan unveiled
by the two senators, who also voiced
support for a bill approved by state
lawmakers Monday that is considered the
toughest effort in the nation to crack down
on illegal immigrants.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/04/20/20100420az-border.html
Lottery provision struck from immigration bill

Posted by Lee Logan on April 18, 2010
With little debate, the lottery provision was excised from an anti-illegal immigration bill in the House. The subject of a Steve Bousquet column, the measure would have barred illegal immigrants from winning the lottery. They could still play and contribute to education funding -- they just couldn't collect any prizes.
Sponsoring Rep. Sandy Adams removed the section with an amendment today. Neither the amendment nor the overall bill (which requires businesses to participate in a federal worker verification program known as E-Verify) garnered any discussion.
Saturday, April 17, 2010
Migrant workers in peril

By Edward Schumacher-Matos
Saturday, April 17, 2010; A13
Originally from: Florida Hispanic Immigration News
Blame Edward R. Murrow. The legendary broadcaster's last major report, "Harvest of Shame" in 1960, set the template for today's muckraking filmmakers. It also helped create today's illegal immigration quandary.
Murrow meant well. He catalogued shortchanged pay, scandalous living and working conditions, and other horrors suffered by foreign migrant farm workers in Florida. The documentary set off a public outcry and a congressional battle over the moral rot behind the nation's fruits and vegetables. In 1964, led by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy and an alliance of churches and unions, Congress shut down the migrant worker program, called Bracero.
But in so doing, it also cut off millions of poor Mexicans who, by flowing back and forth across the border, were lifting themselves and their country out of poverty. They and their U.S. employers, many of them decent bosses in genuine need of workers, reverted to illegality.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikeshttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/16/AR2010041604054_pf.html
or
http://uspolitics.einnews.com/news/florida-hispanic-immigration
Friday, April 16, 2010
Students learn how to cook tasty and nutritious meals

April 8, 2010
BY ISADORA RANGEL
The Miami Herald
The program is aimed at low-income students who qualify for free or reduced lunches at their schools.
The majority of the students who attended the class were Hispanic, the ethnic group with the highest rates of obesity among American children, according to a 2008 study by the Johns Hopkins Children's Center.
``The Hispanic community has a high rate of cholesterol and obesity,'' said Rosa Maria Plasencia, executive director of Amigos for Kids. ``We don't usually cook using green and healthy ingredients. I thought this was a great opportunity to introduce healthier habits and understand other cultures.''
Common Threads encourages healthier eating by educating both children -- and their parents.
Read more: http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/04/15/v-print/1578214/students-learn-how-to-cook-tasty.html#ixzz0lJC5Q7NJ
KKK focus shifts toward illegals

PALM COAST - When the Ku Klux Klan wants new recruits for its hooded robes, it likes to toss fliers on driveways, according to a researcher who tracks the group.
And finding the Klan's leaflets on driveways often means a member of the Klan doesn't live too far from the neighborhood, said Heidi Beirich, director of research with the Southern Poverty Law Center.
"They tend to do this residential stuff with some frequency, hate groups do, and it usually means that there's somebody in the hate group that lives near there," Beirich said.
Flagler County is crafting a condemnation of Klan fliers recently dropped on driveways in the R, U Z neighborhoods of Palm Coast, according to a sheriff's report.
While it's typical for hate groups to put the fliers in plastic bags, the Aryan Nation in Idaho got creative when it deposited its message on lawns this Easter, Beirich said.
"They stuffed their hate literature in Easter eggs," she said.
No one in Palm Coast reported any Klan eggs on Easter. But David Morris said he found the packet of three fliers on his driveway off Ulaturn Trail on Easter morning, according to a Flagler County Sheriff's Office report.
One page mentioned Jesus Christ and included the passage "Happy Easter and God bless!" Another page contained anti-illegal immigrant messages, including in all caps: "Any politician granting immunity to these criminals should be convicted of an act of treason. Time is running out." The flier urged people to call their politicians: "Don't let them vote to give these criminals and terrorists citizenship!!"
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
KKK focus shifts toward illegals
- STAFF WRITER, FRANK FERNANDEZ. "KKK focus shifts toward illegals." Daytona Beach News-Journal (FL) 15 Apr. 2010, N-J Final, Section C: 01C. NewsBank. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.
2010 CENSUS: South Florida groups aim to improve Census return rate

With time running out to return 2010 Census forms, community groups and government officials have been redoubling efforts to boost mail-back rates.
How hard is it to count everyone in South Florida, as the U.S. Census aims to do?
Just follow the canvassers from the community group Florida New Majority as they fan out across hard-to-count minority neighborhoods in Miami, engaged in one last push before Friday's mail-back deadline to get the recalcitrant and the procrastinating to return those all-important 2010 Census questionnaires.
Clad in yellow polos, lime-green ''Yes We Count'' bags slung over shoulders, the canvassers contended with snarling dogs and locked gates in Brownsville. In Allapattah, they had to spot the converted garage at the single-family home or the hidden unit in the rear where someone may be living. Doors lacked knockers or doorbells, and at many no one answered.
There was the Nicaraguan immigrant who confessed to canvasser Oswaldo Ramos she had ''no idea'' how to fill out the 10-question form. The head of a family of six who said theirs got accidentally thrown out. The Cuban-American man who said he was moving and had not received one.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
2010 CENSUS: South Florida groups aim to improve Census return rate - With time running out to return 2010 Census forms, community groups and government officials have been redoubling efforts to boost mail-back rates.
VIGLUCCI, ANDRES. "2010 CENSUS: South Florida groups aim to improve Census return rate - With time running out to return 2010 Census forms, community groups and government officials have been redoubling efforts to boost mail-back rates.." Miami Herald, The (FL) 16 Apr. 2010,: B1. NewsBank. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.
DHS group finds 'a love of people' in Sotomayor
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Ocala Star-Banner (FL) April 7, 2010
Author: Suevon Lee, Staff Writer
WASHINGTON — To these local high school students, Sonia Sotomayor was once just another face on the U.S. Supreme Court bench, except with a name that sounded like theirs.
But by mid-morning Thursday, Sotomayor was no longer the distant, impersonal public official they recalled from media reports and last year's televised confirmation hearing.
For 20 minutes in a private dining room at the U.S. Supreme Court, 10 Dunnellon High School students, two of their teachers and a parent chaperone sat with Sotomayor around a large table and were given the opportunity to ask questions and speak with her.
"Her warmth was so disarming," said John Quinones, the government teacher whose letter to the justice last October made the meeting possible.
"She was very motivational and inspirational," said Bianca Saqui, who asked the justice for words of advice to high school seniors like her about to embark on the next chapter of their lives.
"Don't give up," is how she said the justice responded.
The students, most of whom are recent immigrants to the United States from places like Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico and Haiti, are E.S.O.L students in Quinones' government class.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
DHS group finds 'a love of people' in Sotomayor
Lee, Suevon. "DHS group finds 'a love of people' in Sotomayor." Ocala Star-Banner (FL) 16 Apr. 2010, News: NewsBank. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.
Pierson immigrants have leader on their side
Author: FRANK FERNANDEZ - STAFF WRITER
PIERSON - Marcos Crisanto was a teacher in Mexico before coming to the United States to work in fields and factories.
But he has made his way back to teaching. Not in a classroom before fresh-faced elementary, junior or senior high school kids, but rather in an office in Pierson before the often weary and tired faces of migrant farm workers.
Crisanto has been coordinator of the Farmworker Association of Florida's office in Pierson for six years. He wants to make sure the area's many Mexican immigrants know he and the association will battle so they can have a better life.
"They can see that this organization fights for workers' rights," Crisanto said in a recent interview, "to give them power so they can represent themselves."
Although Marcos has had difficulty filling the shoes of well-known campesino leader Alfredo Bahena, who died in a traffic accident six years ago, he has had success in getting community leaders to work with the agency's office in Pierson, said the association's state coordinator, Tirso Moreno.
"He still has some improvements to make but he has advanced and kept the issues affecting campesinos a priority," Moreno said.
During the week, Crisanto spends much of his time in the Pierson office, helping Mexican immigrants get answers to a variety of questions. The topic could be immigration, employment, health or any other number of things.
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Pierson immigrants have leader on their side
- STAFF WRITER, FRANK FERNANDEZ. "Pierson immigrants have leader on their side." Daytona Beach News-Journal (FL) 12 Apr. 2010, N-J Final, Section C: 01C. NewsBank. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.
Ready to 'wow' Mexico - Michelle Obama's 1st solo trip abroad recalls excitement of 1962 Jackie Kennedy visit
Orlando Sentinel, The (FL) - April 15, 2010
Author: Katherine Skiba, Tribune Newspapers
WASHINGTON -- Almost 50 years ago, a first lady seized Mexico City's heart: the beautiful Jackie Kennedy, to whom Michelle Obama draws comparisons.
Reporters judged her 1962 trip with President John F. Kennedy "a triumph."
It saw an estimated 1 million people line the route of their motorcade.
It saw people leap to their feet -- applauding -- after the first lady delivered, without notes, a short speech in Spanish.
That's just the kind of excitement Mexico's ambassador to the United States, Arturo Sarukhan, expects Obama's visit to generate.
She departs Tuesday for a three-day trip to the Mexican capital, her first official solo trip abroad. She will meet children, tour an anthropology museum and dine at Los Pinos, the president's residence.
"I think she will 'wow' Mexico and Mexicans ," Sarukhan said in an interview. "I think people will be bowled over. ...
"She is a very powerful example of the empowerment of African-Americans in this country, and a very powerful symbol to Latinos in this country and Mexicans in Mexico of what you can achieve in a country that is built on immigrants and is built on diversity and is built on the ability to advance because of hard work and merit."
Posted By: Ayanna Spikes
Ready to 'wow' Mexico - Michelle Obama's 1st solo trip abroad recalls excitement of 1962 Jackie Kennedy visit
Skiba, Katherine. "Ready to 'wow' Mexico - Michelle Obama's 1st solo trip abroad recalls excitement of 1962 Jackie Kennedy visit." Orlando Sentinel, The (FL) 12 Apr. 2010, FINAL, A SECTION: A11. NewsBank. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.
COPS CAN'T WALK ILLEGALS BEAT
Author: Dan Moffett
A key feature of the Bush administration's crackdown against illegal immigration was something called the 287(g) agreement.
The provision had been an obscure part of a major immigration reform bill that Congress passed in 1996. It allowed the federal government to form partnerships with local police agencies to enforce immigration laws. In effect, 287(g) agreements deputized city cops and county sheriffs as federal immigration agents. The program grew from nothing to partnerships with 66 agencies across the country. In Florida, the government signed up the Jacksonville, Bay County and Collier County sheriff's offices, as well as the Florida Department of Law Enforcement.
Until this month, it was unclear just how well these partnerships were working. Then came a report from the Department of Homeland Security's inspector general. It turns out that they're not working very well.
Federal auditors found that 287(g) officers often were poorly trained, didn't understand immigration law or process and went after the wrong illegal immigrants . Nannies get busted for U-turns and deported, while drug dealers and violent offenders continue to exploit the system.
Posted By Ayanna Spikes
COPS CAN'T WALK ILLEGALS BEAT
Moffett, Dan. "COPS CAN'T WALK ILLEGALS BEAT." Palm Beach Post, The (FL) 13 Apr. 2010, FINAL, A SECTION: 10A. NewsBank. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.
SHOULD CITIZENSHIP BE HER BIRTHRIGHT?
Author: JOHN LANTIGUA, Palm Beach Post Staff Writer
Alfonso, a Mexican -born undocumented worker here, has never studied, browsed or even seen a copy of the U.S. Constitution. But that document contains the 14th Amendment, which will almost certainly have an enormous effect on him, his undocumented, Mexican -born wife and their three U.S.-born children.
"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside," says the 1868 amendment.
In other words, neither Alfonso nor his wife, Angelica, is a citizen, but their children are. Strapping Samantha, 9; Concepcion, 8, who favors Miami Hurricanes jerseys; and gap-toothed Esly, 3, all have U.S. passports.
This fact outrages some opponents of the nation's immigration laws and policies.
President Obama has proposed passing an immigration overhaul in his first term. The overhaul could lead to legal residence and citizenship for millions of undocumented people in the U.S.
Posted By Ayanna Spikes
SHOULD CITIZENSHIP BE HER BIRTHRIGHT?
LANTIGUA, JOHN. "SHOULD CITIZENSHIP BE HER BIRTHRIGHT?." Palm Beach Post, The (FL) 12 Apr. 2010, FINAL, A SECTION: 1A. NewsBank. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.
